Recently, scientists from the United States and Sweden, through the study found a new control point (a kinase anchoring proteins), and this may help provide for the treatment of diabetes or certain metabolic diseases. A kinase anchoring proteins, or AKAPs is known to affect a protein the cellular kinase dimensional dispersion, of course, this protein is also the control and the body's blood sugar regulation related to one of the important events enzymes.

The study, published in the internationally renowned magazine The EMBO Journal, researchers for the first time reveals AKAPs spatial orientation through the coordination of phosphate enzyme to influence the body's blood sugar levels phosphatase is a naturally occurring enzymes, can the effect brought by the neutralization and kinase. Researchers said John Scott, our findings reveal the contribution of the anchoring enzymes for cells regulate events, which may help us to seek rapid treatment of diabetes or metabolic disease therapies. Findings reveal AKAP 150 anchor role protein plays in the control of glucose metabolism and related metabolic disorders, post-anchored proteins, we can target to design new drugs to interfere with its function, to treat disease.

The researchers used imaging technology and the insulin-secreting cells separating genetic modification technology by mouse study, to investigate the anchoring protein for the mouse glucose metabolism and insulin release effects. The study found that lack of encoding AKAP 150 anchor protein gene in mice will produce less insulin in the islet area, however, researchers good handle due to the lack of target tissue in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity increase triggered insulin secretion in mice The results show that these effects are caused due to the 7 amino acid sequence in the anchor protein can interact directly with the surface of phosphatase.

The release of insulin is the principal means of regulating the glucose level of the body. In the future, we may develop new drug targets this seven amino acid sequence region, directly phosphatase role, if you can, this will improve in the the selective tissue such as skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity . The study shows a molecular control point is very clear for us, this may provide some idea of ​​the clinical treatment of diabetes or certain metabolic diseases.

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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a class of more than 20 members of the cytokine family, has a variety of physiological functions to promote cell proliferation, body development, angiogenesis, wound repair. Different ways, mainly through local role in most FGF, FGF-19, FGF21 fibroblast Growth factor 21 and FGF-23 showed endocrine factor activity in metabolic regulation process, thanks to the fracture of the β-clover area it has a weak heparin-binding ability, and helps to spread to other sites to play a role. FGF-21 plays an important role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the ascendant, it is expected to become a clinical drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

FGF-21 in metabolic diseases is becoming the academia the new hot spot. Since 2005, doubling year after year, the number of research papers on the FGF-21FGF21 fibroblast Growth factor 21, but the understanding of its mechanism of action is still in its infancy. Many basic scientific questions remain to be answered. There are several different forms of FGF-21 is in the early stages of clinical research, FGF-21 in vitro studies of the structure and function has also made ​​great progress, and of FGF-21 pharmacological effects in animal tests showed good consistency and repeatability. More importantly, the test has been confirmed the TZD can affect FGF21 fibroblast Growth factor 21 and its receptor expression, indicating that such drugs may partially through FGF-21 signaling pathway, anti-diabetic effect. In addition, although the pharmacological effects of FGF-21 is powerful, but some animals may be presence of FGF21 fibroblast Growth factor 21 resistance, and therefore to develop more potent agonist FGF-21 will help to overcome the potential of FGF-21 resistance. Ongoing clinical trials, and the deepening of the basic research for the development on metabolic disease have therapeutic value FGF-21 agonists provide a reliable basis.

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Dendritic cells (Dendritic Cells, DCs) vaccine treatment of cancer has developed rapidly in recent years, made ​​a very important result. The the Center Chief tumor immunology expert from the University of Michigan Professor Li Jiao further pointed out that in 2010 dendritic cell vaccine Dendreon's Provenge was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market, the flower of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Medicine off DC's Father, Professor Steinman is very a landmark event.

Recently, a number of application of DC vaccine therapy glioma study was published, announced. In March 2011, "Clinical Cancer Research" magazine published the results of an application of a dendritic cell vaccine for treatment of glioblastoma. The study shows that, after receiving immunosuppressive therapy achieved very good results, and median overall survival of 31.4 months was significantly higher than conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy patients 18.6 months, and patients with primary GBM patients were followed up for more than 6 years. Than the above studies simply load glioma cells, glioma stem cell center DC vaccine load a glioma cells and glioma stem cell treatment in principle, from the source to prevent glioma recurrence of this glioma therapy bottlenecks and improve the overall efficacy of glioma treatment worth the wait.

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Tumor cell mutations earliest stem cells: stem cells with TSC have similar biological characteristics of unlimited proliferation, simply mutation excessive proliferation ability, can be transformed into tumors; score of the cells of the stem cells periodically update soon, long life, accumulate mutations more easily . The stem cells are target mutation.

Surface markers that TSC derived from adult stem cells: hematopoietic stem cell research progress to leukemia stem cell separation and surface markers was measured early start. The current study found that almost leukemia stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells is consistent both CD34, such as acute monocytic leukemia (except acute promyelocytic leukemia) stem cells are of CD34, CD38?]. Leukemia cells [CD34 CD38-Thy-1-]. Acute myeloid leukemia cells frequent occurrence of chromosome translocation (8; 21), the formation of chimeric transcripts of AML1-ETO. Part of the stem cells still synthetic AML1-ETO fusion protein in the bone marrow of the patients in complete remission, but this is part of the stem cells and their progeny can not induce leukemia in vitro to differentiate into normal erythroid cell surface markers with normal hematopoietic stem cells is almost exactly the same for [of CD34 CD38-Thy-1]. Translocation occurred in the earliest normal hematopoietic stem cells, the mutation occurs in hematopoietic stem cell subsets or offspring, leading to the occurrence of leukemia. Different according to the mark of the leukemia stem cells with normal hematopoietic stem cells, mutations occur in about Thy-1 progenitor cells or loss of Thy-1 hematopoietic stem cells.

Other adult stem cell separation and surface marker study was not thorough enough, it is difficult to TSC and adult stem cell surface markers. Animal studies found that breast cancer stem cell marker CD44 in naive cells, progenitor cells or stem cells are often seen [7]; observation confirmed the 64 breast cancer patients, most of the patients with tumor cell phenotype and stem cell phenotype the same [CK8, 14, 18; Vi? mentin, EGFR]; brain tumor study showed that patients with a minor, TSC mark of CD133, musashi-1, of Sox2, melk and PSP, Bmi-1 and nestin, is fully consistent with the neural stem cells.

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From Texas A & M (A & M) University (Texas A & M University), etc. Washington University researchers found that a small RNA: miR166/165 can affect a gene involved in cell development separatist organizations, thus affecting the differentiation of stem cells. The research results published in the journal of "cells" (Cell), "cells" magazine paper closely watched.

Corresponding author of the article is the Texas A & M University Assistant Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics the Zhang Xiuren (Xiuren Zhang, transliteration) Dr. direction of its research group of small RNA splicing viral suppression.

miRNA is a class of naturally occurring plant and animal cells, small non-coding RNA Since 1993 Online insects discovered since the first miRNA, miRNA is involved in the regulation of many cellular functions and developmental processes. This small molecules for several years International Molecular Biology top magazine named the "top ten scientific and technological breakthroughs, has also become the new hot spot of research in multiple areas of genetic, developmental, cancer stem cells. Today, about 1,000 animal miRNA was reported, and about 30% of the genes are predicted miRNA target genes can be miRNA directly regulated.

In this article, the researchers found that a small RNA molecules with a model plant Arabidopsis genes involved in cell development separatist organizations: AGO10 the interaction, AGO10 gene (also known as PINHEAD (PNH) or ZWILLE (ZLL )) Arabidopsis regulation of apical meristem important factor.

The researchers found that the expression of specific AGO10 able miR165/166 combination ultimately promote the HD-ZIP â…¢ (HD-ZIP â…¢ important transcription factor regulation of Arabidopsis apical meristem). Separatist organizations The the miR166/165 not and AGO10, or AGO10 gene deletion of the plants will be destroyed. MiR166/165 combined with other AGO proteins, the plant will stop gene expression.

The results of these studies the combination will hinder the normal development of the Splinter Cell miR166/165 with other genes, and combined with AGO10 can prevent this the MiRNA with other gene action, and the researchers found that the interaction of AGO10 with miR165/166 depends on miR165/166 The structure and contents with AGO10 the catalytic activity. This elaborate fruits, seeds, and leaves a differentiation mechanism of stem cells is of great significance for further analysis of miRNA stem cell differentiation.

Recent scientific research shows that miRNA molecules can inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the degenerative eye disease, this study found that provide a new strategy for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.

The researchers found two miRNA molecules form closely related to the abnormal blood vessels in the degenerative eye disease. When the members of the two miRNA gene cluster, miR-23 and miR-27 functional silence inhibit choroidal angiogenesis. The body is usually adopted to maintain the growth factor and inhibitory factors role of balance and the regulation of angiogenesis in normal tissue. When this process occurs imbalance, vascular anomalies generated can cause a variety of diseases. The past, scientists will have a degenerative eye disease treatment studies have focused on the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Researchers by injection of anti-VEGF drugs in the patient study to improve the patient's vision. However, these drugs have limited efficacy in the treatment of certain neovascular maculopathy, and accompanied by the potential side effects.

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