September 06, 2012
DC vaccine treatment of glioma has broad prospects
Dendritic cells (Dendritic Cells, DCs) vaccine treatment of cancer has developed rapidly in recent years, made ​​a very important result. The the Center Chief tumor immunology expert from the University of Michigan Professor Li Jiao further pointed out that in 2010 dendritic cell vaccine Dendreon's Provenge was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market, the flower of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Medicine off DC's Father, Professor Steinman is very a landmark event.
Recently, a number of application of DC vaccine therapy glioma study was published, announced. In March 2011, "Clinical Cancer Research" magazine published the results of an application of a dendritic cell vaccine for treatment of glioblastoma. The study shows that, after receiving immunosuppressive therapy achieved very good results, and median overall survival of 31.4 months was significantly higher than conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy patients 18.6 months, and patients with primary GBM patients were followed up for more than 6 years. Than the above studies simply load glioma cells, glioma stem cell center DC vaccine load a glioma cells and glioma stem cell treatment in principle, from the source to prevent glioma recurrence of this glioma therapy bottlenecks and improve the overall efficacy of glioma treatment worth the wait.
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September 04, 2012
TSC's relations with adult stem cells
Tumor cell mutations earliest stem cells: stem cells with TSC have similar biological characteristics of unlimited proliferation, simply mutation excessive proliferation ability, can be transformed into tumors; score of the cells of the stem cells periodically update soon, long life, accumulate mutations more easily . The stem cells are target mutation.
Surface markers that TSC derived from adult stem cells: hematopoietic stem cell research progress to leukemia stem cell separation and surface markers was measured early start. The current study found that almost leukemia stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells is consistent both CD34, such as acute monocytic leukemia (except acute promyelocytic leukemia) stem cells are of CD34, CD38?]. Leukemia cells [CD34 CD38-Thy-1-]. Acute myeloid leukemia cells frequent occurrence of chromosome translocation (8; 21), the formation of chimeric transcripts of AML1-ETO. Part of the stem cells still synthetic AML1-ETO fusion protein in the bone marrow of the patients in complete remission, but this is part of the stem cells and their progeny can not induce leukemia in vitro to differentiate into normal erythroid cell surface markers with normal hematopoietic stem cells is almost exactly the same for [of CD34 CD38-Thy-1]. Translocation occurred in the earliest normal hematopoietic stem cells, the mutation occurs in hematopoietic stem cell subsets or offspring, leading to the occurrence of leukemia. Different according to the mark of the leukemia stem cells with normal hematopoietic stem cells, mutations occur in about Thy-1 progenitor cells or loss of Thy-1 hematopoietic stem cells.
Other adult stem cell separation and surface marker study was not thorough enough, it is difficult to TSC and adult stem cell surface markers. Animal studies found that breast cancer stem cell marker CD44 in naive cells, progenitor cells or stem cells are often seen [7]; observation confirmed the 64 breast cancer patients, most of the patients with tumor cell phenotype and stem cell phenotype the same [CK8, 14, 18; Vi? mentin, EGFR]; brain tumor study showed that patients with a minor, TSC mark of CD133, musashi-1, of Sox2, melk and PSP, Bmi-1 and nestin, is fully consistent with the neural stem cells.
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September 01, 2012
A new miRNA influence stem cell differentiation
From Texas A & M (A & M) University (Texas A & M University), etc. Washington University researchers found that a small RNA: miR166/165 can affect a gene involved in cell development separatist organizations, thus affecting the differentiation of stem cells. The research results published in the journal of "cells" (Cell), "cells" magazine paper closely watched.
Corresponding author of the article is the Texas A & M University Assistant Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics the Zhang Xiuren (Xiuren Zhang, transliteration) Dr. direction of its research group of small RNA splicing viral suppression.
miRNA is a class of naturally occurring plant and animal cells, small non-coding RNA Since 1993 Online insects discovered since the first miRNA, miRNA is involved in the regulation of many cellular functions and developmental processes. This small molecules for several years International Molecular Biology top magazine named the "top ten scientific and technological breakthroughs, has also become the new hot spot of research in multiple areas of genetic, developmental, cancer stem cells. Today, about 1,000 animal miRNA was reported, and about 30% of the genes are predicted miRNA target genes can be miRNA directly regulated.
In this article, the researchers found that a small RNA molecules with a model plant Arabidopsis genes involved in cell development separatist organizations: AGO10 the interaction, AGO10 gene (also known as PINHEAD (PNH) or ZWILLE (ZLL )) Arabidopsis regulation of apical meristem important factor.
The researchers found that the expression of specific AGO10 able miR165/166 combination ultimately promote the HD-ZIP â…¢ (HD-ZIP â…¢ important transcription factor regulation of Arabidopsis apical meristem). Separatist organizations The the miR166/165 not and AGO10, or AGO10 gene deletion of the plants will be destroyed. MiR166/165 combined with other AGO proteins, the plant will stop gene expression.
The results of these studies the combination will hinder the normal development of the Splinter Cell miR166/165 with other genes, and combined with AGO10 can prevent this the MiRNA with other gene action, and the researchers found that the interaction of AGO10 with miR165/166 depends on miR165/166 The structure and contents with AGO10 the catalytic activity. This elaborate fruits, seeds, and leaves a differentiation mechanism of stem cells is of great significance for further analysis of miRNA stem cell differentiation.
Recent scientific research shows that miRNA molecules can inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the degenerative eye disease, this study found that provide a new strategy for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
The researchers found two miRNA molecules form closely related to the abnormal blood vessels in the degenerative eye disease. When the members of the two miRNA gene cluster, miR-23 and miR-27 functional silence inhibit choroidal angiogenesis. The body is usually adopted to maintain the growth factor and inhibitory factors role of balance and the regulation of angiogenesis in normal tissue. When this process occurs imbalance, vascular anomalies generated can cause a variety of diseases. The past, scientists will have a degenerative eye disease treatment studies have focused on the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Researchers by injection of anti-VEGF drugs in the patient study to improve the patient's vision. However, these drugs have limited efficacy in the treatment of certain neovascular maculopathy, and accompanied by the potential side effects.
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August 30, 2012
Cholesterol efflux pathway regulates hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor cell mobilization
Intact cholesterol metabolic balance, help maintain hematopoietic stem cells and multi-progenitor cells (HSPC) in the resting state. Cross the cell membrane transporter cholesterol adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter factors ABCA1 and ABCG1 defects can lead to the mouse cell cholesterol efflux pathway barriers.
Such mice showed a dramatic increase in HSPC mobilization and extramedullary hematopoiesis. The extramedullary hematopoiesis dramatic increase is caused due to splenic macrophages and dendritic cells to produce IL-2-induced increase in serum G-CSF levels.
The extramedullary hematopoiesis increase to promote the differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic lineages decided to granulocytes, and not inclined to the direction of the macrophage differentiation. This damages the support of the osteoblasts and mesenchymal progenitor the cells produce Cxcl12/SDF-1 factor reduction.
Increased high-density lipoprotein levels the Abca1-/-Abcg1-/- and ApoE-/ - mice and FLT3-ITD mutation-mediated myeloproliferative neoplasms in the mouse model, a strong mobilization of HSPC and extramedullary hematopoiesis the reversal. Of FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase, of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3) belongs to the type III receptor tyrosine kinase (receptor tyrosine kinase III, RTK III) family members, In recent years, many studies have demonstrated large sample of FLT3 activation mutations play an important pathological role in the occurrence and progression of the disease in AML.
The data of this study is to determine the cholesterol efflux pathway HSPC mobilization has control. This is likely to translate into atherosclerosis and treatment strategies for hematologic malignancies.
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August 24, 2012
Anxiety disorders and premature aging are directly related totelomere shortening
In August 13, 2012 News / biological Valley BIOON / - anxiety disorders and premature aging-related? Recently, researchers from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) reveals a common form of anxiety disorders such as our common fear of anxiety in middle-aged and older women, anxiety disorders, and telomere shortening. This study reveals the the fear anxiety may accelerate aging risk factor.
The research results published in the international journal PLoS One recently.
The telomere (Telomeres) is a DNA-protein complexes of the ends of chromosomes, can protect the chromosome from deterioration, and the telomeres also the chromosomes during cell division end guards protect genetic information; however telomere biology and cellular senescence markers , shortened telomere length and increased risk of cancer, heart disease and other illnesses directly related.
In this large cross-sectional study, researchers from the age of 5243 in the 42-69 year-old women who get their blood samples, analysis of samples, the researchers analyzed the telomere length, At the same time, participants also fill out a questionnaire about their terror anxiety. The analysis results show that the high levels of phobic anxiety and significant telomere shortening related and phobic anxiety women telomere length and the normal group.
The researcher Olivia said, a lot of people want to know whether the pressure, how to make aging rapidly, it is noteworthy that this study also explains a common form of psychological pressure (phobic anxiety) and premature aging of the relationship between. However, the study design can not prove cause and effect or what the problem first occurred, anxiety occurs first or telomere shortening occurs first, is unknown.
In summary, this study later studies telomeres shorten anxiety paved the way, and provide some basis.
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August 04, 2012
Special acetyltransferase recognition provides new idea for the development of mosquito-killing agent
Recently, researchers from the University of Wisconsin, etc. found in the insect the key structural component of an enzyme that plays multiple roles, including the role of the synthesis of epidermis and melatonin ,and biogenic amines detoxification. And this enzyme is active in aedes aegypti, which is known as the disseminator of yellow fever and dengue fever..The study results were published in a recent journal PNAS.
Researcher Jianyong Li and his colleagues studied this enzyme – fragrant alkyl amine N-acetyl transferase (aaNAT). Using bioinformatics techniques to divided the insect sequence which is similar to aaNAT into three clusters, and then using crystallographic techniques, the team observed three clusters of enzymes in the crystal structures, and finally found that the biochemical active component of the protein from the two clusters enzymes. It is worth noting that the research team found a unique cluster of enzymes in the mosquito.
Next ,the researchers will further study the physiological function of this particular enzyme in mosquitoes.In short, the researchers' findings provides a basis for the biochemical function study of the mosquitoes specific enzymes,and provides ideas and guidance for the development of a potential mosquito-killing agent.
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August 03, 2012
Zinc finger nucleases can penetrate the cell membrane in protein form
Recently, a study published in Nature Methods concluded that ,the zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) modifying the target genome can penetrate the cell membrane in the form of protein, which will make ZFN delivery process easier and more secure.
Designed Nuclhease suc as ZFN, can make multiple types of genome produce specific changes, which help to support researches and gene therapy. Nuclease is also delivered into the cell in the form of DNA or RNA, and then produce a functional protein.
Carlos Barbas reported that they observed in several mammalian cells and found ZFN proteins penetrate the cell membrane. When ZFN protein inside the cell reaches a high enough concentration, it will produce a specific genomic changes, which effect is similar to that ZFN is delivered in DNA form. Previously ,people thought that only a small portion of protein and peptide involved in the cell membrane permeation, but now must take ZFN into account.
Compoaired with ZFN delivery in DNA form, the ZFN-protein exists in the target cells for only a short period ,and off-target effects on changes in the genome is much lower. Protein delivery can avoid the risk of virus insertion mutation in the delivery process, and the cell poisoning risk produced when cells response to exogenous DNA.
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German found a bacterial toxin that can lead to cell suicide
German researchers found that a bacterial toxin can cause a protein inactivation within the cell, resulting in cell "suicide". This finding helps to study how to kill cancer cells. Related paper was published in "Journal of Biological Chemistry".
Germany University of Freiburg, issued a press statement on August 1 that, university researchers found a kind of toxincalled "Tpel†in Clostridium perfringens, which can lead to gas gangrene. The toxin can cause sugar molecules attached to Ras proteins in the host cell to interfere with the natural functions of this protein.
Pharmacologist Klaus, Aketorresfrom University of Freiburg told us that , Ras protein in human cells play an important role in stimulating cell growth, the toxin Tpel will change this protein to fail to promote cell growth, ultimately leading to cell death.
It often occurs Ras protein mutation In human cancer cells, and this protein plays an important role in cancer formation.If target the variant Ras protein in the cells, and we can perhaps use such toxins lead to cancer cells "suicide." The researchers are now conducting further studies.
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